[The nouns or pronouns are called the object of the
preposition and the objects can be gerund, an infinitive, an adverb, a noun
phrase or a noun clause and it is in the Accusative Case. Preposition often
indicates time, place, position, direction, source, method, agency, instrument,
means, purpose, topic, etc.]
Ex. i. I saw the books on the shelf.
[In
the above sentence ‘on’ is the Preposition. The
object is ‘the shelf’. The preposition
establishes a
relation
between the nouns ‘the books’ and ‘the shelf.]
ii. I
am fond of drawing. [Here Gerund ‘drawing’
is the object of the Preposition ‘of’.]
iii. We must have reached by now. [Here
Adverb ‘now’ is the object of the
Preposition ‘by’. ]
iv. The sun is about to set. [Here Infinitive ‘to
set’ is the object of the Preposition ‘about’.]
v. He
was on a sick
leave a few weeks ago. [Here Adverb Phrase ‘a few weeks ago’ is the object of the
Preposition ‘on.]
vi.
There is no logic in
what they say. [Here Clause ‘what they say’ is
the object of the Preposition ‘in’.]
[In following cases
Preposition is not followed by its Object or Complement.]
i.
What is he looking at? [ When object \complement is an Interrogative
Pronoun in Wh-questions]
ii.
This is the book that
I was speaking of.[When the object\complement is
the relative Pronoun ’that’]
iii.
This is the book which
I bring with. [ When the object\complement is
a relative Pronoun mentioned or
understood]
iv.
What she is talking about is an ideal
man.[ When some Wh-nominal Clause is used]
v.
What a mess they have got into! [ In Exclamation]
vi.
Such an tragic incident is not often heard of.[ When a sentence in Passive]
vii.
He is impossible
to work with.[
When there is an Infinitive]
viii.
They are worth listening
to.[ When there is a ‘ing’ word]
ix.
Rabindranath
Tagore is respected all the world over.[When
emphasis is given.]
The
word PREPOSITION comes from LATIN,a language in
which such a word is usually placed its Object or Complement. Thus it is pre-positioned.
In
languages like Urdu, Turkish, Hindi, Korean and
Japanese the word with this grammatical function comes after the object
or complement. Such word is commonly called Postposition.
Similarly,Circumposition consist of two parts that sit on the
both side of the object or complement.
Collectively,
they are called ADPOSITION.
PREPOSITIONS ARE OF FOLLOWING TYPES.
1.
SIMPLE PREPOSITION:
In
English grammar we have more or less 65 simple preposition and they have
one-syllable or two-syllables.
Simple
Prepositions may be classified as following , with some examples:
|
Preposition of TIME |
at, in, on, from, to, for,
since, during, after ……… |
|
Preposition of PLACE |
at, in, on, above, under….. |
|
Preposition of MOVEMENT or
DIRECTION |
in, at, from, to, into……. |
|
Preposition of STATE or MANNER |
in, by, with……………. |
|
Preposition of AGENT or METHOD |
with, in, by………… |
Examples in sentences: Simple preposition of Time
i.
She came here at 6pm.
ii.
She came here at that moment.
iii.
She came here at night.
iv.
She came to see the match at the half time.
v.
She joined our school at the age of five.
vi.
She came here to play in the morning
vii.
She came here to play in the afternoon.
viii.
She came here to play in the evening.
ix.
She joined the school in 2019.
x.
She will be back in a week.
xi.
She is playing after a week.
xii.
She finished her project after a month.
xiii.
She will join the school in January.
xiv.
She will come here in summer.
xv.
She was born in 2000.
xvi.
She finished her project on 5 th June.
xvii.
She will come here on Sunday.
xviii.
She came here at 6pm.
xix.
She came here at dawn.
xx.
She came here at noon.
xxi.
She is absent for a month.
xxii.
She is absent for many days.
xxiii.
She has been there from last Sunday.
xxiv.
She will join us on next Sunday.
xxv.
She has been dancing for two
hours.
xxvi.
She has been living in Kolkata for twenty
years from 1970 to
2020.
xxvii.
She has been living in Kolkata since 1970.
xxviii.
She kept sleepless during the whole night.
xxix.
She worked during the day.
xxx.
She left the house at quarter to ten.
xxxi.
She will begin her dance
class from today.
xxxii.
She has begun her dance class
since\from last Sunday.
xxxiii.
She came on time.(right time)
xxxiv.
She came in time. (On and by the right time)
Examples in sentences: Simple preposition of
Place
i.
I live at Labpur.
ii.
I reached at Howrah station
at 9pm.
iii.
I live at 36, Chowringhee Lane.
iv.
My school is in Chowringhee Lane.
v.
I am at
lunch.
vi.
I shall be at school at 2pm.
vii.
I shall not be at university today.
viii.
I live in Kolkata.
ix.
I work in office.
x.
I work in Nobanno.
xi.
My school is in Park Street.
xii.
I am working in the room.
xiii.
The fish lives in water.
xiv.
I play in the playground.
xv.
I fell into the ditch.
xvi.
I ran into the class room.
xvii.
Ice melts into water.
xviii.
I am drawing on the desk.
xix.
I put the book on the table.
xx.
I live on the top floor.
xxi.
I am sowing seeds on the land.
xxii.
I planted a sapling on the river bank.
xxiii.
I see birds are flying above the trees.
xxiv.
I jumped over the fence easily.
xxv.
I heard his name all over the world.
xxvi.
I am resting under a tree.
xxvii.
I went under his umbrella.
xxviii.
I met them in the market yesterday.
Examples in
sentences:
Simple preposition of Movement and Direction.
i.
Please , come in.
ii.
Sun rises in the
east.
iii.
The lion is running after the bison.
iv.
We came from
station to our house by a cab.
v.
They fell into the ditch.
vi.
We ran into the class room.
vii.
Do not throw stones at me.(attack)
viii.
Throw the ball to
me.(normal action)
ix.
My mother is shouting at
me.(scolding)
x.
My mother is shouting to
me.(dearly)
xi.
We went to
Chennai from Kolkata.
Examples in
sentences:
Simple preposition of State or Manner
i.
The life of the people in
Sundarbans are in danger.
ii.
The office goers are in
hurry.
iii.
They are in love.
iv.
They are in trouble after
Amfun, super cyclone.
v.
They lost their way in
the dark night.
vi.
They were shouting in
pain.
vii.
They were stuck dumb in
sorrow.
viii.
People in power
are not serving the people.
ix.
The fielders catch the ball by hand.
x.
They come to Kolkata by
bus.
xi.
They went to Mumbai by
train.
xii.
They met us by
chance.
xiii.
They got the gift by
post.
xiv.
They met me with
smile.
xv.
They looked good with
short hair.
xvi.
They left our house with
my father.
xvii.
Examples in
sentences:
Simple preposition of Agent or Method
i. They paid me in cash.
ii.
They paid me by
cheque.
iii.
They did the work with
their own hand.
iv.
The work is done by
them.
v.
The letter was written by
him with a pen.
vi.
The train is driven by
steam.
vii.
The men are struck by
lightning.
viii.
This is a novel by
Sunil Gangopadhyay.
ix.
This popular music was composed by Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay.
x.
This fiction is written by
me.
1.
DOUBLE PREPOSITION:
In
English grammar often two simple prepositions
are used together to indicate
direction, they are called Double Preposition.
Some
Double Prepositions.
|
FROM
UNDER |
FROM
AMONG |
INTO |
ATOP |
INTO |
|
FROM
OFF |
FROM
WITHIN |
ONTO |
OUT
OF |
UPTO |
Examples in sentences:
i.
The fox ran into the grape vine.
ii.
The dish fell onto the floor.
iii.
It is upto you to find the lost keys.
iv.
The loud scream came from within the deserted house.
v.
I never leave without my mobile phone.
vi.
The parrot perched atop the banyan tree.
vii.
Caterpillars turn into butterfly.
viii.
We all are unable to get out of the situation.
ix.
The captain was chosen from among the senior players.
x.
A burning coal is taken from off the
oven.
xi.
Seeds sprouted from under the ground.
2.
COMPOUND PREPOSITION:
Compound prepositions are consist of two or more
words. Usually a simple preposition and another word are used together to
convey location. These are usually formed prefixing a preposition to a
Noun or an Adjective or Adverb.
Some
Compound Prepositions.
|
ACROSS |
BENEATH |
BEHIND |
WITHIN |
BETWEEN
|
|
ALONG |
UNDERNEATH |
BESIDE |
WITHOUT |
BEYOND |
Examples in sentences:
i.
The police is running behind(by+hind)
the thief.
ii.
There is nobody within(inside)
the haunted house.
iii.
The road is along (on+long)
the sea beach.
iv.
The student should know everything about discipline.
v.
I was swimming across
(on+cross) the river.
vi.
They are waiting beneath
(by+neath) the banyan tree.
vii.
Divide the sweets between
the two boys.
3. PHRASE PREPOSITION OR
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE : When a group
of words are used with the force of a single preposition it is called Phrase
Preposition or Prepositional Phrase.
4. Some
Phrase
Preposition or Prepositional Phrase.
|
In
the event of |
In
place of |
By
dint of |
|
In
reference to |
In
regard to |
By
means of |
|
On
account of |
In
spite of |
By
virtue of |
|
By
reason of |
With
a view to |
With
regard to |
|
Because
of |
By
way of |
Away
from |
|
Agreeably
to |
In
case of |
In
course of |
|
In
front of |
In
case of |
In
order to |
|
In
lieu of |
In
addition to |
On
behalf of |
|
For
sake of |
On
top of |
Due
to |
|
In
exchange for |
With
regard to |
But
for |
Examples
in sentences:
i.
In course of
time I understand my fault.
ii.
I
signed on behalf of my class.
iii.
In consequence of his
illness, quit the match.
iv.
In case of any
necessity, you may call us.
v.
With reference to your
request, we order mercy.
vi.
I
survive in spite of so many difficulties.
vii.
On account of his
carelessness we lost the game.
viii.
There
are many big trees in front of our school building.
ix.
You
should go along with your parents.
x.
Instead of bragging,
prove youself.
5.
PARTICIPIAl PREPOSITION:
In English grammar present and past participle
are used as Preposition. It is seen
that a verb ending with ‘-ing’, ‘-en’ or
‘-ed’, which also acts as a preposition.
Examples in sentences:
i. The
river flow past the city.(past participle)
ii. What
do you know regarding his health
condition.(present participle)
iii. Considering the quality the price is too
high. (present participle)
iv. Concerning his wealth, people are
doubtful. (present participle)
6.
DISGUISED
PREPOSITION :
Sometimes
instead of the Preposition ‘on’ – ‘a’ is used; and ‘o’ is used
instead of the Preposition ‘of’. These type of
prepositions are called Preposition in Disguise or Disguised Preposition.
Example:
i.
The beggar went a (on)
begging.
ii.
Now it is 9 o’(of) clock by my
watch.
iii.
They come here once a (on) week.
iv.
Rice sells one kilo a (on) fifty rupees.
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