ADVERB

AN ADVERB IS A WORD USED TO QUALIFY ANY PARTS OF SPEECH EXCEPT A NOUN OR PRONOUN. – J.C.Nesfield

AN ADVERB IS A WORD WHICH MODOFIES THE MEANING OF A VERB, AN ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER ADVERB. –Wren & Martin

        I.            Sachin runs quickly. [Here the word ‘quickly’ modifies the verb ‘runs’. So the word ‘quickly’ is an Adverb. ]

      II.            Tinni is a very sweet girl. [Here the word ‘ very ‘ modifies the  Adjective ‘beautiful’.  So the word ‘very’ is an Adverb.]

    III.            Lara plays extremely well. [Here the word ‘extremely’ modifies the Adverb ‘well’. So the word ‘extremely’ is an Adverb.]

    IV.            The parrot flew just over my head. [Here the word ‘just’ modifies the Preposition ‘over’. So the word ‘just’ is an Adverb.]

      V.            I hate him simply because he is a cheat. [Here the word ‘simply’ modifies the Conjunction ‘because’. So the word ‘simply’ is an Adverb.]

    VI.            Fortunately, she came first in the annual examination. [ Here the word ‘fortunately’ modifies the whole sentence. So the word ‘fortunately’ is an Adverb and generally it is used at the beginning of the sentence.]

 

EXCEPTIONS:

Only she was excluded from the team. [The word ‘only’ modifies the Pronoun ‘he’.]

Even Greg Chapel praised Sourav  Ganguly. [Here the word ‘even’ modifies the Noun ‘Greg Chapel’.]

[It is also said that these adverbs – ‘only’ & ‘even’ modify the whole sentence, but no comma (,) is used after the Adverbs]

 ADVERBS ARE MAINLY OF THREE KINDS:

SIMPLE ADVERB

RELATIVE ADVERB

INTERROGATIVE ADVERB

 

1.       SIMPLE ADVERBS ARE OF EIGHT KINDS.   

ADVERB OF TIME	ADVERB OF PLACE	ADVERB OF DEGREE OR QUANTITY	ADVERB OF REASON  OR PURPOSE
ADVERB OF AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION	ADVERB OF FREQUENCY	INTENSIFIER	DOWN TONER

 

 

i)                    ADVERB OF TIME: IT SAYS US ABOUT THE TIME OF ACTION –

                                     WHEN,  HOW LONG,  HOW LONG AGO  AND  SINCE WHEN.

Adverb of Time is used after the Transitive Verb (Verb with Object) or after the Object of the Preposition.              

Ex. They left me yesterday.

[ In the above sentence ‘left’ is Transitive Verb, ‘me’ is the Object of the Transitive Verb ‘left’ and the Adverb ‘ of time ‘yesterday’  is used after the Object of the Transitive Verb ‘me’.]

Ex. They came here yesterday.   She stayed in Shimla for seven days.   We have just arrived.

     We have not met you since March 2020.

Some words used as Adverb of Time:

NOW	THEN	BEFORE	SINCE	AGO	DAILY	ALREADY	PRESENTLY
AFTERWARD	TODAY	YESTERDAY	TOMORROW	EARLY	LATE	INSTANTLY	IMMEDIATELY
			AGAIN	SOON	JUST

 

ii)                  ADVERB OF PLACE :IT SAYS ABOUT PLACE OF ACTION-

                                  WHERE, WHERE TO, WHERE FROM

Adverb of Place is used after the Transitive Verb (Verb with Object) or after the Object of the Preposition.              

Ex. They left me here.

[ In the above sentence ‘left’ is Transitive Verb, ‘me’ is the Object of the Transitive Verb ‘left’ and the Adverb of Place ‘here’   is used after the Object of the Transitive Verb ‘me’.]

Examples: Mother is in the garden. Do not look backward.

Some words used as Adverb of Place.

HERE	AHEAD	THERE	ABOVE	HITHER	THITHER	BELOW	HENCE
NEXTDOOR	THENCE	INSIDE	FAR	OUTSIDE	NEAR	OUT	NEARBY
AWAY	IN	ABROAD	LOCALLY	WITHIN	INLAND		OVERHEAD

 

iii)                ADVERB OF MANNER : IT SAYS ABOUT THE MANNER A WORK IS DONE

                                                           HOW, HOW WELL, HOW BADLY

 Adverb of Manner is used after the Transitive Verb (Verb with Object) or after the Object of the Preposition.              

Ex. They return me the book quickly.

[ In the above sentence ‘return’ is Transitive Verb, ‘me’ is the Object of the Transitive Verb ‘return’ and the Adverb of Manner ‘quickly’  is used after the Object of the Transitive Verb ‘me’ and ‘book’..]                                  

Examples: Our army fought bravely.  He reads fluently.  She drew the picture carefully.

Some words used as Adverb of Manner.

CLEARLY	SOFTLY	CLOSELY	SLOWLY	CARELESSLY	BRAVELY	STEADILY
BADLY	SIMPLY	POSSIBLY	RIGHTLY	FORTUNATELY	SAFELY	PROBABLY
SUDDENLY	CAREFULLY	LUCKILY	RIGHTLY	CORRECTLY	NATURALLY	WRONGLY
WIDELY	QUICKLY	SWITLY		UNFORTUNATELY	THUS	WELL

 

 

 

IF WE FIND  or USE ADVERB OF TIME ,PLACE  and MANNER IN ONE SENTENCE , THEN THE ORDER TO USE  THE ADVERBS IS - ADVERB OF MANNER , ADVERB OF PLACE AND ADVERB OF TIME.(MPT)   Shreya  sang  beautifully  in  the annual function last  year.   [In the above sentence the word ’beautifully’ is Adverb of Manner, the phrase ‘in the annual function’ is Adverb of Place and ‘last year’ is Adverb of Time.

 

iv)                ADVERB OF DEGREE OR QUANTITY: IT SAYS ABOUT THE DEGREE OF A ACTION,DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE     AND OTHER ADVERBS.

HOW MUCH, WHAT DEGREE,  TO WHAT EXTENT.          

 Examples: They are too tired.  She works hard.  The match is almost finished

Some words used as Adverb of Quantity or Degree.

ALMOST	ENTIRELY	QUIET	DEEPLY	VERY	POORLY	FULLY
GREATLY	WHOLLY	HALF	PARTLY	STRONGLY	ENOUGH	LITTLE
MUCH	RATHER	TOTALLY	ALTOGETHER	SOMEWHAT	TOO	A LITTLE

 

v)                  ADVERB OF REASON OR PURPOSE: IT SAYS OF WHY A THING IS DONE AND ITS RESULT.

       Ex. We work hard so that we can succeed. I therefore left the playground.

Some words used as Adverb of Reason or Purpose.

SO

SO THAT

THEREFORE

HENCE

CONSEQUENTLY

ACCORDINGLY

 

vi)                ADVERB OF AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION : IT SAYS ABOUT AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION

 

Ex. We have never told a lie.  Yes I shall do it again. They do not know me.

 

Some words used as Adverb of Affirmation and Negation.

NO

NEVER

YES

NOT

NAY

 

 

vii)              ADVERB OF FREQUENCY: IT SAYS ABOUT HOW OFTEN THE ACTION OF A VERB TAKES PLACE.

ADVERB OF FREQUENCY IS GENERALLY USED BEFORE HELPING VERB AND PRINCIPAL VERB.

         Ex.  She is always busy.   They often play badminton.  I am usually punctual.

 

Some words used as Adverb of FREQUENCY.

ALWAYS	OFTEN	TWICE	ONCE	THRICE	OCCASSIONALLY	USUALLY
SOMETIMES	REPEATEDLY	FREQUENTLY	SELDOM	NOW AND AGAIN	CONTINUALLY

 

 

viii)            INTENSIFIER: IT EMPHASISES ON THE WORK DONE BY A  THE VERB IN A SENTENCE.

Ex. I have really forgotten it. I had thoroughly revised the chapter. . I shall certainly be there.

Some words used as Intensifier.

REALLY	CERTAINLY	SURELY	ACTUALLY	HIGHLY	FULLY	UTTERLY
EXACTLY	POSITIVELY	INDEED	DEFINITELY	THROUGHLY	PERFECTLY	VERY MUCH
ABSOLUTELY

 

ix)                DOWNTONER: IT GIVES LESS STRESS ON THE WORK DONE BY A VERB IN A SENTENCE.

Ex. I have nearly reached there. This sum is partly wrong.

Some words used as Downtoner.

NEARLY	A LITTLE	HARDLY	SCARCELY	A BIT	NOT AT ALL
ALMOST	SLIGHTLY	BARELY	SOMEWHAT	PARTLY	RATHER

 

2.   RELATIVE ADVERB OR CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB: RELATIVE ADVERB, LIKE A RELATIVE PRONOUN RELATES OR REFERS BACK TO ITS ANTECEDENTS. - Wren & Martin.

 

a.    That is the spot where the murder took place.[Here the Adverb ‘where’ modifies the verb ‘took’ and refers back to the antecedent ‘spot’.]

b.    Thursday is the day when I fast.[ Here the Adverb ‘when’ modifies the verb ‘fast’ and refers back to the antecedent ‘ the day’.]

c.    This the reason why I left the place.[HERE ‘why’ means ‘why the work is done’ and ‘why’ refers back to the antecedent ‘reason’.]

 

 

3.   INTERROGATIVE ADVERB: IF ADVERB IS USED IN ASKING QUESTION, IT IS CALLED AN INTERROGATIVE ADVERB.

Examples: Some words used as Interrogative Adverb.

INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF PLACE	WHERE ARE YOU BOYS?
INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF TIME	WHEN WILL SHE COME?
INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF REASON	WHY WERE YOU SO LATE?
INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF MANNER	HOW THE WORK HAS BEEN DONE?
INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF NUMBER	HOW MANY STUDENTS ARE PRESENT TODAY?
INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF QUANTITY	HOW MUCH MILK DO YOU NEED TODAY?
INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF FREQUENCY	HOW OFTEN DO TOU GO TO PLAY?
INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF DEGREE	HOEW FAR IS YOUR CONFESSION TRUE?

 

FORMATION OF ADVERBS

I. GENERALLY ADVERBS ARE FORMED BY ADDING ‘ly’ TO THE ADJECTIVES.(A few examples)

Wrong + ly	wrongly		private + ly	privately
Total + ly	totally		present+ ly	presently
Definite + ly	definitely		former + ly	formerly
bad + ly	Badly		clever + ly	cleverly
real+ ly	really		poor + ly	poorly
instant + ly	Instantly		local + ly	locally
hard + ly	hardly		deep + ly	deeply
brave+ ly	bravely		slow + ly	slowly
cruel + ly	cruelly		strong + ly	strongly
kind + ly	kindly		loud + ly	loudly
clear+ ly	clearly		sudden+ ly	suddenly
certain+ ly	certainly		sure+ ly	surely
honest + ly	honestly		actual + ly	actually
careful + ly	carefully		Absolute + ly	absolutely
urgent + ly	urgently		right + ly	rightly

 

II. GENERALLY ADVERBS ARE FORMED BY ADDING ‘y’ TO THE ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ‘le’ and ‘e’.

whole+ ly	Wholly		single+ ly	singly
horrible + ly	Horribly		suitable + ly	suitably
possible + ly	possibly		probable+ ly	probably
Terrible +ly	terribly		Double + ly	doubly

 

III. GENERALLY ADVERBS ARE FORMED BY ADDING ‘y’ TO FEW ADJECTIVES ENDING IN‘ll’.

Full + ly

fully

dull+ ly

dully

 

IV. GENERALLY ADVERBS ARE FORMED BY ADDING ‘ly’ TO FEW ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ‘e’ AND THEY DROP THE LETTER ‘e’ WHEN ADVERB IS FORMED.

true + ly

truly

due+ ly

duly

 

V. GENERALLY ADVERBS ARE FORMED BY ADDING ‘ly’ TO THE ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ‘Y’ and THEY DROP THE LETTER ‘Y’ AND CHANGE IT TO ‘i’.

heavy + ly	heavily		easy + ly	easily
noisy + ly	noisily		ready + ly	readily
satisfactory + ly	satisfactorily		lazy + ly	lazily
Happy +ly	happily		crazy + ly	crazily

 

 

VI. GENERALLY ADVERBS ARE FORMED BY ADDING ‘ally’ TO THE ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ‘ic’.

Tragic + ly

tragically

Automatic + ly

automatically

 

VI. GENERALLY TWO ADVERBS SOMETIMES GO TOGETHER AND FORM AN ADVERB WITH THE HELP OF A CONJUNCTION.

FAR AND WIDE	AGAIN AND AGAIN	FAR AND NEAR
NOW AND THEN	ONCE AND AGAIN	FAR AND AWAY

 

VII. SOMETIMES ADVERBS HAVE THREE FORMS – POSITIVE, COMPERATIVE, SUPERLATIVE

POSITIVE	COMPERATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
LITTLE	LESS	LEAST
WELL	BETTER	BEST
MUCH	MORE	MOST
FAR	FARTHER	FARTHEST
BADLY	WORSE	WORST
QUICKLY	MORE QUICKLY	MOST QUICKLY
EASILY	MORE EASILY	MOST EASILY
WISELY	MORE WISELY	MOST WISELY
LOUDLY	MORE LOUDLY	MOST LOUDLY
SWIFTLY	MORE SWIFTLY	MOST SWITLY
QUICK	QUICKER	QUICKEST
LATE	LATER	LATEST
FAST	FASTER	FASTEST
SOON	SOONER	SOONEST